Cephalomancy
Cephalomancy (Greek kephalē, head) is divination by examining a skull, especially of an ass or goat, in fire or by phrenological reading. Practice attested in ancient Germanic peoples and shamanic traditions of various continents. Phrenology (Franz Joseph Gall, 19th century) was its pseudoscientific extension.
Phrenology
Studied the bumps of the skull as indicators of mental abilities. Discredited as pseudoscience in the 20th century, but historically important for the development of neuroscience.